TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

Translation  Procedures

• TL : Target Language
• SL : Source Language 
• TT: Target Text

Transference

Transference : it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named " loan word transcription.“

Example:

Vitamin (Eng) : Vitamin (Indo)

 Serious (Eng) : Serius     (Indo)

    

    Naturalization

Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example:  Information (Eng) : Informasi (Indo)

                 Television    (Eng) : Televisi    (Indo)

  Cultural Equivalent

Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example:

                - Minister of Finance (Eng) : Mentri Keuangan    (Indo)

                - Pajamas Party          (Eng) : Menginap Bersama (Indo)

  Functional Equivalent

Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83). Sometimes with a new specific term; therefore, to neutralize or generalize the SL word; and sometimes adds a particular.

Example:

-          Principle                  (Eng) : Kepala Sekolah (Indo)

-          Common-law wife  (Eng) : Selir                    (Indo)

  Descriptive equivalent

Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the ST is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example:

- Samurai : Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth century ( aristokrasi Jepang dari abad kesebelas hingga abad kesembilan belas)

  Componential analysis

Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

  Synonymy

Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example:   

 - Kind person (Eng) : Orang yang baik (Indo)

  Through-translation

Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example:

-          United Nation Organizations (UNO) : Eng

-          Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa  (PBB)  : Indo

  Shifts or transpositions

Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example:

- It’s getting dark (Eng) : Sudah menjelang malam (Indo)

  Modulation

Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

  Recognized translation

Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

  Compensation

Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90) 

  Paraphrase

Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

  Couplets

Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

  Notes

Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Notes can appear in the form of 'footnotes.' Although some stylists consider a translation sprinkled with footnotes terrible with regard to appearance, nonetheless, their use can assist the TT readers to make better judgments of the ST contents. Nida (1964:237-39) advocates the use of footnotes to fulfill at least the two following functions: (i) to provide supplementary information, and (ii) to call attention to the original's discrepancies.